Coal mining in India, primarily operated by Coal India Limited (CIL). It is the backbone of the country's energy supply. Coal is the primary source of fuel for power generation, and it generates a large percentage of electricity in India. Coal mining is vital for economic growth and energy security, but it poses serious environmental and social challenges. The extensive extraction of coal often leads to significant alterations in land use and land cover (LULC), transforming natural landscapes into mining scars. This can result in deforestation, urbanization, soil erosion, and degradation of water bodies. In addition, the mining process can release pollutants into the air, water, and soil, affecting both human health and ecosystems. The socio-economic consequences of coal mining are equally significant. The influx of mining activities can cause displacement in local communities, loss of livelihoods, and disruption of traditional ways of life. This paper intends to offer a comprehensive overview of multifaceted impacts of coal mining in India, particularized to environmental and socio-economic dimensions. Delving into existing research, it examines the various approaches the scholars have employed in investigating the effects of coal mining on the environment and communities in general. With these studies in mind, this paper attempts to conduct an in-depth analysis to outline key findings and insights, which will help develop better sustainable mining practices and mitigation strategies.